From the earliest times of history,
almost everywhere in the world,
people are more interested in plants
it was a lot of benefit.,
what plants nutrients are humans
can be, which ones are medical and
they are poisonous, which trees
in the construction of wood or weapons
it is suitable for conduct
they must know.
This is a person in the early ages
from acting with instincts
he's advanced. How is that today
herbs useful for the animal itself
if he chooses, in people in the early ages,
plants is available from
non-harmful or harmless
the ones, poisonous or nontoxic
to distinguish what happened and
they must have tried to find out.
As yesterday, today, in this area
the only thought and purpose of employees, each
finding the right cure for the disease,
so that the sick and suffering person is good
at least your suffering
it's lightening. Disease in ancient times,
A divine punishment given by Allah,
cure, cleansing from sins
it would be considered. Treatment
medicinal plants as much as possible
was trying to find.
Yazılmış first written on medicinal plants
his works of the ancient cultural centers,
In China, India, Egypt,
We'll find it in Greece and Rome.
M.He. IV. useful in the century and
culture of medicinal plants
observed;
Lin Linum usitatissimum (flax)
culture and burial
from paintings made on its walls
it is understood.
A civilization as old as this
the Sumerians also have dates
they grow onions, barley and
sesame seeds, today as kati
it is a known fact. It's too old again
in Chinese culture, which is also on this path
development of the Chinese Emperor
M.He. In 2700, rice every year,
in planting onions and wheat
he is known to have performed ceremonies.
Tıbbi people who deal with medicinal plants take advantage
according to the name of the plant and the disease in which it is used
they have made a classification by writing.
Again, when it is used for agricultural purposes
his name and manner of use are written. Systematic
that's how botany was born.
Tried and observed over the centuries
referencesHe. Early 2000 onwards
carefully recorded, this material is from the belt
it was developed by transferring it to the generation.
In the Mesopotamian Codex; grain, vegetables, tree
parts, spices, various weeds, for example;
Chinese cinnamon (Cinnamomun cassia), myrtle tree
(Myrstus communis), thyme (Thymus), Willow (Salix)),
pear (Pyrus communis), FIR (Abies), fig
(Ficus carica), Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), poppy
(Papaver somniferum), banotu (Hyoscyamus), mint
(Mentha), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), saffron
(Crocus), Adamot (Mandragora), mustard (Sinapis)
like 250 herbal; honey, wax and Elephant oil,
180 animals, such as turtles, snakes; gypsum, copper,
detection of 120 Drogs caused by minerals such as rock salt
references
Egypt
Eski the oldest and most important about medicinal plants
document m.He. Written in 1550 and older
Papyrus Ebers Written in detail and good
preserved papyrus rules 20 m
tall, over of mineral plants and animals
811 prescriptions with 700 Drogs obtained from the realm
is available. Here is the type of disease, necessary
the amount of medication that is, its preparation, just like today's
as clearly and accurately written. Works,
An important one that provides extensive information about Egyptian medicine
it is work. Mentha x piperita of the Egyptians
L. (mint), Sinapis nigra L. (black ochre), Cassia
acutifolia L. (Senna), Papaver somniferum L.
(poppy), Scilla maritima L. (island onion), Datura
stramonium L. he used medicinal plants such as (tatula)
it shows that it is.
Indian history m.He. Ancient Indian dating back to the 3000s
medical methods left over from culture centuries
it has also made itself felt in the West throughout.
M.He. V. century from India
Medicine to Mesopotamia and Greek civilization and
information on medical information being sent
has. Also Dioscorides ' famous Materia
Part of the terminology in Medica
It has also been proven that it is derived from the Indian language. Old
Studying Indian Medicine in two circuits
possible:
Pharmacy in ancient India is also very developed
More than 760 Drogs were registered in Susruta.
Ayurvedic texts maceration in ancient India,
different, such as decoction, emulsion, filtration
it shows that methods are used.
Cosmetics in ancient Indian Pharmacopoeia,
elixirs, aphrodisiacs and antioxidants
it was located at. Adamot, Hawthorn, barley,
banotu, tooth, poppy, FIR, Myrtle,
liquorice, saffron, garlic, Cedar, sesame,
next to 760 plants, such as onlookers and olives
mineral origin, such as antimony, borax, Mercury
compounding drug prescriptions
were used.
Greek
Greek medicine, a thousand years after Egyptian medicine
it has developed and is a continuation of it.
Health in western Anatolia during the mythological period
more than 300 in the name of the God Asclepios
Temples called Asklepeion
references Rhodes, Kos, Trika, Athens,
Alexandria, Pergamon, etc. To the asclepion
terminally ill and during childbirth
women were not accepted.
Hippocrates, one of the famous physicians of this era
(M.He. 460-377) works, most of the ancient and Middle Ages
considered high medical knowledge, even
it even affected today's medicine.
Hippocrates medical science, an independent science
he's in his condition. About 200 with works
introduced medicinal plant. Found in works
the amount of Drogs is 400, of which
among them, most of mahmude, ebucehil
watermelon, garbage, Laurel. fennel, poppy,
herbal origin such as opium, thyme, mint
Drogs (Baytop, 2001).
Again from Greek philosophers
Aristotle Of Macedon (Aristotle)
(M.He. 384-322), plant world
scientific reviews on it
but these reviews are not practical
it was more theoretical. Botanical
the emergence of knowledge as knowledge
it starts with this. 17 to 37
20 years to the age of Magenta
Aristotle, later
he taught Alexander the great.
Earliest work written on pure Botany,
Aristotle's disciple Theophrastus (m.He.
372-285) written by. Botany
this famous Greek known as his father
the philosopher's most important work in this field: 5 volumes
"Historia plantarum" (the history of plants) dir.
In his work, his own on therapeutic substances
in addition to his knowledge, travelers and sellers
he also wrote what he learned collectively. First
this work, recognized as a book of Botany, followed by
always referenced by authors
the resource has been
Romans
Ağırlık weight of scientific research after Ancient Greece
its center passed to the Romans and in this area
The Romans have advanced. Important of the era
physician and botanist Anatolian (Tarsus)
Dioskorides or with full name, Pedanios
Dioscorides Anazarbeus (M.S. 20–79).
Dioskorides, where he travels, living in nature
he studied plants and various here
plant, mineral used against diseases and
animal ingredients are gathered and "Materia
He wrote a 5-volume work called" Medica".
About this work of Dioskorides
About 600 medicinal plants to the world of science
he introduced it. Especially herbs in his work
he must have stood on it. At that time, because
medicine meant weed science. To dioskorides
valuable work, the most in this field of his ERA
15, as is his important book. century
as far as the source of this plant science
has been.
medieval Europe
One of the important Physicians of the Middle Ages,
Claudius Galenos Of Pergamon (M.S. 129-
199). Galen's numerous works, Medicine of the Middle Ages
he has mastered his thinking. His name
today also Galenic preparations " as
it is said. Galen, approximately 540 plants
drug, 180 animal and 100 mineral substances
added. North of the Alps, Christianity
with its settlement, especially through pastors,
spreading medicinal plants, efforts are observed.
These are countless Mediterranean hometowns
medicinal and spice plant to Central Europe
in the Abbey Gardens
they started growing it. First German lady
physician Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179)
His work" Physika " is important to the era
it's one of his works. This work, written in Latin,
it covers about a thousand names of animals and plants
and diseases, used against them
medicinal herbs are explained.
Insanlığın it's dark that humanity will always be ashamed of
“a little church, a little theology, a little bit"
Inquisition, some burnt human flesh
smells,” he niteleyen there.
Karanlık dark Europe of the Middle Ages, but XIXII. in the centuries, the works of Muslim scholars
nin to Latin via Andalusia and Sicily
he began to wake up with the RCMP.
(http://www.azkurs.org/tip-tarihi-prof-drali-haydar-bayat-istanbul).
Byzantine civilization
Byzantine tababet based on Christian faith
despaired of the world, sick, sinful
and a dogmatic one that appeals to the unfortunate
it was tababet. Disease and death usually
God's work was accepted. God is going to make
he would know. If he's spreading death, then he wants it
it was. A servant has the courage to resist it
couldn't show. Therefore during this period
study the course of the disease and medications
they did not value.
In the Byzantine period the real
hospitals are scarce. These are usually
it is in the form of a house of lovers and the church
it is under control and has 30-40 beds
it is under the control of the church. Byzantine
the greatest and most famous of its era
the hospital in Istanbul, which is considered as
Attached to Pantokrator Monastery
11 physicians of the hospital in 1135
and about 100 beds
how much importance is given to health care
it shows that there are few.
Islamic Civilization
Statesmen of the period in this period and
under the patronage of the caliphs himself,
Hippocrates, Galen, Dioscorides and
works of other notable physicians,
Greek or Syriac
Translated into Arabic; these translations
also through a lot of scientific works
ability to read even in remote areas
the opportunity has gained
First hospital by Muslims by Elvelid bin Abdulmalik 706
it was founded in Damascus. Later
Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Anatolia
many hospitals have been built. All
establishment of these hospitals and
the main reason for their operation is poor and
medical facilities of orphans
references At the same time
Internal Medicine and eye diseases
physicians, surgeons and pharmacists
it's a medical center where he works.
Öğretim also engaged in teaching on this subject over time
they've become institutions. Medicine
and most of the works about plants
between read and used
Materia, translated into Arabic by Dioskorides as Kitabu'lhasayish
Medica, Kitabu'n-Bah Of Dineveri
and Kitabu'n-Nabat, of Gafiki
Kitab al-edviyeti'l named mufred
works.
If this is the most important book of its era
From 300 written by Ibn al-Baytar
for the first time, he added more to medicine himself
1400 medicinal herbal, animal and mineral
the mosque that mentions drog
Edviye ve'l-Agdiye is his work. In this day and age
Lokman Hekim, pharmacists in the Islamic world
piri is counted. Islamic tababet
in the progress of Physicians of Turkish origin (Ibn-i
Such as Sina, Razi) have also made great contributions.
Prominent scholars of the time include
abu Bakr Muhammad B. Zechariah razi [854-932]
Born in Turkestan, for a while as a physician
He worked in Baghdad and Andalusia. Islamic
the largest physician pharmacist in medicine and
he's one of their philosophers. Old information their extensive
he combined it with his experience and knowledge. His
List Of Medicinal Plants 10. century medicinal plants
it's a good document. Flower
he described his illness, sulfuric acid and
he discovered formic acid, Senna,
mineral and herbal like tamarind
he studied the substances.
dinaveri dinaveri [895-992]
Abu Hanifa Ahmed bin Dawud Dinaveri
Born in Iran, Basra, Kufa and Isfahan
he is a scholar who lived in their city. Religion, language,
related to astronomy, mathematics and Botany
He has more than 20 works. Between the works
Kitab al-Bah and Kitab al-Nebat Pharmaceuticals
and the second one in the works is important in terms of
he made descriptions of plants and
he edited alphabetical lists of them.
abu reyhan biruni [973-1051]
Born in Turkmenistan and died in Ghaznavid
he is a natural sciences scholar. More than 100 works
his most important work is in his final years
Kitab-al Saydala fi al-medicine (pharmacy
book) is called. Description of the pharmacist in this book
performed; duties of pharmacist and physician
were tried to be shown. Up to 200 in the book
herbal drog is registered, among them
black pepper, carob, mahlep, son,
it is possible to count plants such as Senna.
His opinion on measuring the diameter of the Earth,
identical to today's mathematical measurements
adheres. BIRUNI rule in Europe
they are called.
abu Jafar Ahmad bin Muhammad d .1165
The greatest pharmacist of his ERA and
he is one of his botanists
ibn-i sina [980-1038]
At Afshene near Bukhara
he was born. Avicenna in the West
Ibn Sina recognized outside of Medicine
philosophy, law, mathematics and geometry
was also fully aware of the fact. His best known work,
ancient Greek medicine and Islamic medicine
synthesis law (Canon)
it is a didactic (instructive) book.
Road to the establishment of a lectern on behalf of Europe
long enough to open and widely effective
this work of Ibn Sina, which has been five
episodes:
Anat a) anatomy, physiology, etiology, etc. subjects,
b b) simple drugs,
c c) organic diseases,
d d) feverish diseases, fracture-dislocations, skin
diseases,
e) treatment methods.
What are the subjects of this work carefully examined
as far as it is seen that it deals systematically.
Construction, preservation and effects of drugs
in the work, which also gives comprehensive information about
some of the plants mentioned are: opium,
banotu, tamarind, camphor, black pepper,
kargabüken, hemp, kurtbogan, mahmude,
rhubarb, Gum, Yellow, cinnamon, etc.
Tıp his healing work is medicine, mathematics,
O like astronomy, geology, physics, chemistry, zoology
almost all existing disciplines of the period
it is a reserved book.
Ibn Ibn-i Sina, the rational medicine of Hippocrates
he watched and developed it. Medical therapeutic and
he divided it into two parts as preventive medicine.
Ibn al-Baytar [1197-1248]
On medicinal plants in Islamic history
famous work, written in 1197
Born in Málaga in 1248
Ibni el, Spanish physician who died in Damascus
Baytar named "Simple pharmaceutical substances"
it is the book. Names of solitary plants
not only does he write, but he's like Dioskorides.,
approximately 1400 drog and their
it also introduces the plants from which it is obtained.
Central Asian Turks
Drogs used: these are herbal (up to 60),
animal (up to 70) and inorganic (up to 10)
under three groups of origin
is collected. What is remarkable here is
plant origin of animal origin Drogs
he is outnumbered by what happened. However
in European and Eastern countries during the same period,
amount of plant drugs animal drugs
it's much more than the amount. This point is related to the close interest of Turkuygurs in animal husbandry
accountable.
Seljuk and Ottoman civilizations
Bitkisel plant during Seljuk and Ottoman periods
drugs are used. Republican Era
de folk medicine (medical folklore) research
has been done. Anatolian man's chipped stone
Treatment of plants since the (Paleolithic) era
approximately 50,000 years and is used for the purpose
since it uses plants for various purposes
is known. Medicine of the people during the Ottoman period
requirements doctors or herbalists
with mixtures prepared by
he was being welcomed. 45 in Istanbul in 1868
2000 transfer to pharmacy,
determining the importance of transfers in public health
proof.
in summary
Use of plants for therapeutic purposes up to human history
old. Knowledge of ancient civilizations about medicinal plants,
we learn from the remaining inscriptions and archaeological materials.
Öncesi prehistoric period: chipped stone age m.He. 50 000 years
inscriptions and archaeological materials.
Mez Mesopotamian period: Sumerian, Akkadian and Assyrian m.He.3000
archaeological materials from his years.
Mısır Egyptian period: m.He. 450 recorded in a papyrus written in 1550
as many diseases and 811 prescriptions have been found, herbal and
in the treatment of diseases of animal origin drugs
it is understood that it was used.
Hit Hittite period: m.He. Hittite tablets of 1500 years
adamot, Hawthorn, barley, wheat, saffron,
plants such as garlic have been found.
Hip Greek period: the important name of the period was Hippocrates (m.He. 460-
377), detailed from 400 species of medicinal plants used during his reign
as you have mentioned. Aristotle (M.He. 384-322).
Roman and Byzantine period: First Century, Dioskorides
in his book " Materia Medica”, he wrote more than 600 medical
there is extensive information about the plant. Galen, on the other hand, developed new preparations and formulas of herbal origin.
Islamic period of Islam: Abu Biruni, Ibn during Islamic Civilization
Great physicians such as Ibn Baytar grew up in Sina. That period
Ibn-i Sina, famous Turkish scientist, more than a hundred scientific works
Left. His greatest works are “healing“and"Kanun fit-Tib".
Seljuk and Ottoman period: Muslims during this period
He knew more than 1600 medicinal plants.
19. important examination of medicinal plants in the century
it’s done. During this period, the pharmaceutical industry also flourished.
In 1806, pure morphine alkaloid was obtained from opium and other substances.
the drug effect of morphine has been discovered. This result
research of active substances in plants encouraged, short
alkaloids of strychnine, veratrin and quinine over time, 19. century
other active substances (glycosides) from plants) ,
devices, devices, etc.) is isolated. 20. century
originally published as discovery of vitamins and antibiotics is new in science
he opened the pages. About the treatment effects of plants
the investigation is still ongoing.
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